The funeral for Jackson was like few New Orleans has seen. "[80] Television host Ed Sullivan said, "She was just so darned kind to everybody. Jackson later remembered, "These people had no choir or no organ. She performed exceptionally well belying her personal woes and ongoing health problems. [68], Jackson toured Europe again in 1964, mobbed in several cities and proclaiming, "I thought I was the Beatles!" God, I couldn't get enough of her. Mahalia Jackson Sofia Masson Cafe Waitress Richard Whiten Sigmond Galloway Richardson Cisneros-Jones Lead Usher Carl Gilliard John Jackson Danielle Titus Audience Member Omar Cook Concert Goer Bo Kane Ed Sullivan Director Denise Dowse Writer Ericka Nicole Malone All cast & crew Production, box office & more at IMDbPro More like this 7.3 248256. 8396, 189.). "[31][32], A constant worker and a shrewd businesswoman, Jackson became the choir director at St. Luke Baptist Church. [75][76], Branching out into business, Jackson partnered with comedian Minnie Pearl in a chain of restaurants called Mahalia Jackson's Chicken Dinners and lent her name to a line of canned foods. She died at 60 years old. He responded by requesting a jury trial, rare for divorces, in an attempt to embarrass her by publicizing the details of their marital problems. [100] Compared to other artists at Columbia, Jackson was allowed considerable input in what she would record, but Mitch Miller and producer George Avakian persuaded her with varying success to broaden her appeal to listeners of different faiths. CHICAGO, Jan. 31 (AP)The estate of Mahelia Jackson, the gospel singer who died Thursday at the age of 60, has been estimated at $1million. She was marketed to appeal to a wide audience of listeners who, despite all her accomplishments up to 1954, had never heard of her. She had that type of rocking and that holy dance she'd get intolook like the people just submitted to it. [52] Jackson broke into films playing a missionary in St. Louis Blues (1958), and a funeral singer in Imitation of Life (1959). This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. [88] Bucklin Moon was enamored with her singing, writing that the embellishments Jackson added "take your breath away. After one concert, critic Nat Hentoff wrote, "The conviction and strength of her rendition had a strange effect on the secularists present, who were won over to Mahalia if not to her message. In jazz magazine DownBeat, Mason Sargent called the tour "one of the most remarkable, in terms of audience reaction, ever undertaken by an American artist". As she organized two large benefit concerts for these causes, she was once more heartbroken upon learning of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. She attended the funeral in Atlanta where she gave one of her most memorable performances of "Take My Hand, Precious Lord". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Duke was severe and strict, with a notorious temper. Terkel introduced his mostly white listeners to gospel music and Jackson herself, interviewing her and asking her to sing live. [131] Jackson's success was recognized by the NBC when she was named its official soloist, and uniquely, she was bestowed universal respect in a field of very competitive and sometimes territorial musicians. Miller, who was in attendance, was awed by it, noting "there wasn't a dry eye in the house when she got through". Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. When she was 16, she went to Chicago and joined the Greater Salem Baptist Church choir, where her remarkable contralto voice soon led to her selection as a soloist. "Two Cities Pay Tribute To Mahalia Jackson". In 1946 she appeared at the Golden Gate Ballroom in Harlem. [154] Upon her death, singer Harry Belafonte called her "the most powerful black woman in the United States" and there was "not a single field hand, a single black worker, a single black intellectual who did not respond to her". The Acadmie Charles Cros awarded Jackson their Grand Prix du Disque for "I Can Put My Trust in Jesus"; Jackson was the first gospel singer to receive this award. Jackson replied honestly, "I believe Joshua did pray to God, and the sun stood still. Whippings turned into being thrown out of the house for slights and manufactured infractions and spending many nights with one of her nearby aunts. She was an actress, known for Mississippi Burning (1988), Glory Road (2006) and An American Crime (2007). Berman asked Jackson to record blues and she refused. [113] Similarly, television host Dinah Shore called Falls' left hand "the strongest thing in the whole world", giving Jackson's music a prominent beat usually missing from religious music. In black churches, this was a regular practice among gospel soloists who sought to evoke an emotional purging in the audience during services. [25] She made her first recordings in 1931, singles that she intended to sell at National Baptist Convention meetings, though she was mostly unsuccessful. He saw that auditions for The Swing Mikado, a jazz-flavored retelling of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, were taking place. [130] The "Golden Age of Gospel", occurring between 1945 and 1965, presented dozens of gospel music acts on radio, records, and in concerts in secular venues. Mahalia Jackson is widely considered the best and most influential gospel vocalist in history. [73], Jackson's recovery took a full year during which she was unable to tour or record, ultimately losing 50 pounds (23kg). They had a beat, a rhythm we held on to from slavery days, and their music was so strong and expressive. White and non-Christian audiences also felt this resonance. On August 28, 1963, as she took to the podium before an audience of . Considered the heart of the city, Old Town fuses the best of historic small-town charm with the modern conveniences of today and is home to the citys most popular boutique shops, restaurants and entertainment. [46][47], In 1954, Jackson learned that Berman had been withholding royalties and had allowed her contract with Apollo to expire. C.L. All dates in Germany were sold out weeks in advance. Her body was returned to New Orleans where she lay in state at Rivergate Auditorium under a military and police guard, and 60,000 people viewed her casket. See the article in its original context from. Gospel had never been performed at Carnegie. (Harris, pp. [40][41], By chance, a French jazz fan named Hugues Panassi visited the Apollo Records office in New York and discovered Jackson's music in the waiting room. She began singing in church as a child in New Orleans, then moved to Chicago as an adolescent and joined Chicago's first gospel group, the Johnson Singers. She often asked ushers to allow white and black people to sit together, sometimes asking the audiences to integrate themselves by telling them that they were all Christian brothers and sisters. Jackson was enormously popular abroad; her version of Silent Night, for example, was one of the all-time best-selling records in Denmark. [27][33], Each engagement Jackson took was farther from Chicago in a nonstop string of performances. 132. [g] What she was able to earn and save was done in spite of Hockenhull. According to musicologist Wilfrid Mellers, Jackson's early recordings demonstrate a "sound that is all-embracing, as secure as the womb, from which singer and listener may be reborn. Yet the next day she was unable to get a taxi or shop along Canal Street. "[147], Malcolm X noted that Jackson was "the first Negro that Negroes made famous". Jackson attracted the attention of the William Morris Agency, a firm that promoted her by booking her in large concert halls and television appearances with Arthur Godfrey, Dinah Shore, Bing Crosby, and Perry Como in the 1950s. "[94], Jackson estimated that she sold 22 million records in her career. Eight of Jacksons records sold more than a million copies each. Jackson first came to wide public attention in the 1930s, when she participated in a cross-country gospel tour singing such songs as Hes Got the Whole World in His Hands and I Can Put My Trust in Jesus. In 1934 her first recording, God Gonna Separate the Wheat from the Tares, was a success, leading to a series of other recordings. Jackson was often depressed and frustrated at her own fragility, but she took the time to send Lyndon Johnson a telegram urging him to protect marchers in Selma, Alabama when she saw news coverage of Bloody Sunday. She was nicknamed Halie and in 1927, Mahalia moved to Chicago, IL. She had become the only professional gospel singer in Chicago. [39] The revue was so successful it was made an annual event with Jackson headlining for years. "[115] White audiences also wept and responded emotionally. It used to bring tears to my eyes. She furthermore turned down Louis Armstrong and Earl "Fatha" Hines when they offered her jobs singing with their bands. When you're through with the blues you've got nothing to rest on. Her contracts therefore demanded she be paid in cash, often forcing her to carry tens of thousands of dollars in suitcases and in her undergarments. Remember Me: The Mahalia Jackson Story (Official Trailer) on Hulu Ledisi 220K subscribers 113K views 9 months ago Watch Now on Hulu https://www.hulu.com/movie/d7e7fe02-f. Show more Ledisi -. Though the gospel blues style Jackson employed was common among soloists in black churches, to many white jazz fans it was novel. on her CBS television show, following quickly with, "Excuse me, CBS, I didn't know where I was. Music here was louder and more exuberant. The New York Times stated she was a "massive, stately, even majestic woman, [who] possessed an awesome presence that was apparent in whatever milieu she chose to perform. 180208. Through her music, she promoted hope and celebrated resilience in the black American experience. CHICAGO, Jan. 31 (AP)The estate of Mahelia Jackson, the gospel singer who died Thursday at the age of 60, has been estimated at $1million. Jackson found this in Mildred Falls (19211974), who accompanied her for 25 years. and deeper, Lord! Director Kenny Leon Writers Bettina Gilois (story) Todd Kreidler (teleplay) Stars Amira Anderson Max Boateng Cassandra Bolinski 808 S. Magnolia Ave., Monrovia - Feb. 18th & 19th from 9:00 am - 4:00 p.m., Feb. 20th from 9:00 am - 12 noon. 122.) Likewise, he calls Jackson's Apollo records "uniformly brilliant", choosing "Even Me", "Just As I Am", "City Called Heaven", and "I Do, Don't You" as perfect examples of her phrasing and contralto range, having an effect that is "angelic but never saccharine". As demand for her rose, she traveled extensively, performing 200 dates a year for ten years. She died on January 27, 1972 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Bessie Smith was Jackson's favorite and the one she most-often mimicked. [37], The next year, promoter Joe Bostic approached her to perform in a gospel music revue at Carnegie Hall, a venue most often reserved for classical and well established artists such as Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington. Shouting and stomping were regular occurrences, unlike at her own church. Burford, Mark, "Mahalia Jackson Meets the Wise Men: Defining Jazz at the Music Inn". Mahalia Jackson and real estate As Jackson accumulated wealth, she invested her money into real estate and housing. I lose something when I do. Her recording of the song "Move on Up a Little Higher" sold millions of copies, skyrocketing her to international fame and gave her the . 517 S Myrtle Ave. Jackson took many of the lessons to heart; according to historian Robert Marovich, slower songs allowed her to "embellish the melodies and wring every ounce of emotion from the hymns". He continues: "bending a note here, chopping off a note there, singing through rest spots and ornamenting the melodic line at will, [Jackson] confused pianists but fascinated those who played by ear". She was an actress, known for Mississippi Burning (1988), Glory Road (2006) and An American Crime (2007). The final confrontation caused her to move into her own rented house for a month, but she was lonely and unsure of how to support herself. Both sets of Mahalia's grandparents were born into slavery, her paternal grandparents on a rice plantation and her maternal grandparents on a cotton plantation in Pointe Coupee Parish about 100 miles (160km) north of New Orleans. Despite Jackson's hectic schedule and the constant companions she had in her entourage of musicians, friends, and family, she expressed loneliness and began courting Galloway when she had free time. It was regular and, they felt, necessary work. Jackson was brought up in a strict religious atmosphere. [24], When she first arrived in Chicago, Jackson dreamed of being a nurse or a teacher, but before she could enroll in school she had to take over Aunt Hannah's job when she became ill. Jackson became a laundress and took a series of domestic and factory jobs while the Johnson Singers began to make a meager living, earning from $1.50 to $8 (equivalent to $24 to $130 in 2021) a night. Steady work became a second priority to singing. In her early days in Chicago, Jackson saved her money to buy records by classical singers Roland Hayes, Grace Moore, and Lawrence Tibbett, attributing her diction, breathing, and she said, "what little I know of technique" to these singers. [148] White radio host Studs Terkel was surprised to learn Jackson had a large black following before he found her records, saying, "For a stupid moment, I had thought that I discovered Mahalia Jackson. Throughout her career Jackson faced intense pressure to record secular music, but turned down high paying opportunities to concentrate on gospel. Passionate and at times frenetic, she wept and demonstrated physical expressions of joy while singing. The guidance she received from Thomas Dorsey included altering her breathing, phrasing, and energy. She's the Empress! They divorced amicably. Hockenhull and Jackson made cosmetics in their kitchen and she sold jars when she traveled. ), Jackson was arrested twice, in 1949 and 1952, in disputes with promoters when she felt she was not being given her contractually obligated payments. ), Her grandfather, Reverend Paul Clark, supervised ginning and baling cotton until, Jackson appears on the 1930 census living with Aunt Duke in New Orleans. The news of The Mahalia Jackson Story comes after Lifetime's wild success of The Clark Sisters: First Ladies of Gospel which became Lifetime's highest-rated original movie since 2016 . She often stretched what would be a five-minute recording to twenty-five minutes to achieve maximum emotional effect. 7, 11. Galloway proved to be unreliable, leaving for long periods during Jackson's convalescence, then upon his return insisting she was imagining her symptoms. [1][2][b] Charity's older sister, Mahala "Duke" Paul, was her daughter's namesake, sharing the spelling without the "I". The day she moved in her front window was shot. They performed as a quartet, the Johnson Singers, with Prince as the pianist: Chicago's first black gospel group. Burford 2019, p. 288, Burford 2020, p. 4345. Jackson split her time between working, usually scrubbing floors and making moss-filled mattresses and cane chairs, playing along the levees catching fish and crabs and singing with other children, and spending time at Mount Moriah Baptist Church where her grandfather sometimes preached. Jackson was the final artist to appear that evening. She toured Europe again in 1961 with incredible success, mobbed in several cities and needing police escorts. The adult choir at Plymouth Rock sang traditional Protestant hymns, typically written by Isaac Watts and his contemporaries. [150] She was featured on the album's vocal rendition of Ellington's composition "Come Sunday", which subsequently became a jazz standard. Despite white people beginning to attend her shows and sending fan letters, executives at CBS were concerned they would lose advertisers from Southern states who objected to a program with a black person as the primary focus.[49][50]. Well over 50,000 mourners filed past her mahogany, glass-topped coffin in tribute. She embarked on a tour of Europe in 1968, which she cut short for health reasons, but she returned in 1969 to adoring audiences. She bought a building as a landlord, then found the salon so successful she had to hire help to care for it when she traveled on weekends. (Goreau, pp. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. She also developed peculiar habits regarding money. She moaned, hummed, and improvised extensively with rhythm and melody, often embellishing notes with a prodigious use of melisma, or singing several tones per syllable. With a career spanning 40 years, Jackson was integral to the development and spread of gospel blues in black churches throughout the U.S. During a time when racial segregation was pervasive in American society, she met considerable and unexpected success in a recording career, selling an estimated 22 million records and performing in front of integrated and secular audiences in concert halls around the world. Special programs and musicals tended to feature sophisticated choral arrangements to prove the quality of the choir. Jabir, Johari, "On Conjuring Mahalia: Mahalia Jackson, New Orleans, and the Sanctified Swing". We are also proud of the fact that our managing broker has completed the prestigious Certified Real Estate Brokerage designation. [122], Until 1946, Jackson used an assortment of pianists for recording and touring, choosing anyone who was convenient and free to go with her. It was almost immediately successful and the center of gospel activity. How in the world can they take offense to that? enlisted several women to help raise Aretha while he was away on the lucrative church revival circuit, including Jackson, who lived near the family's home in Detroit. In contrast to the series of singles from Apollo, Columbia released themed albums that included liner notes and photos. She found a home in her church, leading to a lifelong dedication and singular purpose to deliver God's word through song. One early admirer remembered, "People used to say, 'That woman sing too hard, she going to have TB!'" She and her entourage of singers and accompanists toured deeper into the South, encountering difficulty finding safe, clean places to sleep, eat, and buy gas due to Jim Crow laws. The gospel legend's soulful voice both comforted and galvanized African Americans during the Civil Rights . Jackson refused to sing any but religious songs or indeed to sing at all in surroundings that she considered inappropriate. In the church spirit, Jackson lent her support from her seat behind him, shouting, "Tell 'em about the dream, Martin!" Months later, she helped raise $50,000 for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Ciba Commercial Real Estate. Jackson had thoroughly enjoyed cooking since childhood, and took great pleasure in feeding all of her visitors, some of them staying days or weeks on her request. Wracked by guilt, she attended the audition, later calling the experience "miserable" and "painful". "[19], Soon Jackson found the mentor she was seeking. Her reverence and upbeat, positive demeanor made her desirable to progressive producers and hosts eager to feature a black person on television. Mahalia Jackson doesn't sing to fracture any cats, or to capture any Billboard polls, or because she wants her recording contract renewed. ), All the white families in Chatham Village moved out within two years. She was dismayed when the professor chastised her: "You've got to learn to stop hollering. Indeed, if Martin Luther King Jr., had a favorite opening act, it was Mahalia Jackson, who performed by his side many times. A new tax bill will now be calculated using Holmes' figures, and it will include no penalties. Aunt Duke took in Jackson and her half-brother at another house on Esther Street. Mahalia Jackson was born on October 26, 1911 to John A. Jackson Sr and Charity Clark. When she got home she learned that the role was offered to her, but when Hockenhull informed her he also secured a job she immediately rejected the role to his disbelief. A few months later, Jackson appeared live on the television special Wide Wide World singing Christmas carols from Mount Moriah, her childhood church in New Orleans. Some places I go, up-tempo songs don't go, and other places, sad songs aren't right. All of these were typical of the services in black churches though Jackson's energy was remarkable. The highlight of her trip was visiting the Holy Land, where she knelt and prayed at Calvary. [134] To the majority of new fans, however, "Mahalia was the vocal, physical, spiritual symbol of gospel music", according to Heilbut. [70][71] Stories of her gifts and generosity spread. [1][2][4] Next door to Duke's house was a small Pentecostal church that Jackson never attended but stood outside during services and listened raptly. Jackson asked Richard Daley, the mayor of Chicago, for help and Daley ordered police presence outside her house for a year. [97] Although hearing herself on Decca recordings years later prompted Jackson to declare they are "not very good", Viv Broughton calls "Keep Me Every Day" a "gospel masterpiece", and Anthony Heilbut praises its "wonderful artless purity and conviction", saying that in her Decca records, her voice "was at its loveliest, rich and resonant, with little of the vibrato and neo-operatic obbligatos of later years". Initially they hosted familiar programs singing at socials and Friday night musicals. Moriah Baptist Church. He bought and played them repeatedly on his show. This turned out to be true and as a result, Jackson created a distinct performing style for Columbia recordings that was markedly different from her live performances, which remained animated and lively, both in churches and concert halls. "[85] So caught up in the spirit was she while singing, she often wept, fell on her knees, bowed, skipped, danced, clapped spontaneously, patted her sides and stomach, and particularly in churches, roamed the aisles to sing directly to individuals. It was not the financial success Dorsey hoped for, but their collaboration resulted in the unintentional conception of gospel blues solo singing in Chicago. Jackson appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1957 and 1958, and in the latter's concert film, Jazz on a Summer's Day (1959). [113] Jackson was often compared to opera singer Marian Anderson, as they both toured Europe, included spirituals in their repertoires, and sang in similar settings. Members of legendary gospel singer Mahalia Jackson's estate are aghast that 2004 "American Idol" winner Fantasia Barrino has become pregnant by a married man as she prepares to play the Queen of Gospel in the biographical film "Mahalia!" [62][63], When King was arrested and sentenced to four months hard labor, presidential candidate John F. Kennedy intervened, earning Jackson's loyal support. Her eyes healed quickly but her Aunt Bell treated her legs with grease water massages with little result. Wherever you met her it was like receiving a letter from home. Mahalia Jackson ( / mheli / m-HAY-lee-; born Mahala Jackson; October 26, 1911 - January 27, 1972) [a] was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century. In attendance was Art Freeman, a music scout for Apollo Records, a company catering to black artists and audiences concentrating mostly on jazz and blues. [92], Improvisation was a significant part of Jackson's live performances both in concert halls and churches. It wasn't just her talent that won her legions of fans, but also her active participation in the Civil Rights Movement and her lifelong dedication to helping those less fortunate. "[125], Studs Terkel compared Falls to Paul Ulanowsky and Gerald Moore who played for classical singing stars Lotte Lehmann and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, respectively. [129], Though Jackson was not the first gospel blues soloist to record, historian Robert Marovich identifies her success with "Move On Up a Little Higher" as the event that launched gospel music from a niche movement in Chicago churches to a genre that became commercially viable nationwide. Omissions? In the 1950s and 60s she was active in the civil rights movement; in 1963 she sang the old African American spiritual I Been Buked and I Been Scorned for a crowd of more than 200,000 in Washington, D.C., just before civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech. "[89] Writer Ralph Ellison noted how she blended precise diction with a thick New Orleans accent, describing the effect as "almost of the academy one instant, and of the broadest cotton field dialect the next". Clark and Jackson were unmarried, a common arrangement among black women in New Orleans at the time. It is all joy and exultation and swing, but it is nonetheless religious music." 159160, Burford 2019, pp. "[17] The minister was not alone in his apprehension. She made a notable appearance at the Newport (Rhode Island) Jazz Festival in 1957in a program devoted entirely, at her request, to gospel songsand she sang at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in January 1961. Mahalia Jackson (/mheli/ m-HAY-lee-; born Mahala Jackson; October 26, 1911 January 27, 1972)[a] was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century. As members of the church, they were expected to attend services, participate in activities there, and follow a code of conduct: no jazz, no card games, and no "high life": drinking or visiting bars or juke joints. Mahalia Jackson was a member of Greater Salem M. B. [146] Known for her excited shouts, Jackson once called out "Glory!" "[5][3], When Jackson was five, her mother became ill and died, the cause unknown. Beginning in the 1930s, Sallie Martin, Roberta Martin, Willie Mae Ford Smith, Artelia Hutchins, and Jackson spread the gospel blues style by performing in churches around the U.S. For 15 years the genre developed in relative isolation with choirs and soloists performing in a circuit of churches, revivals, and National Baptist Convention (NBC) meetings where music was shared and sold among musicians, songwriters, and ministers. [80] She used bent or "worried" notes typical of blues, the sound of which jazz aficionado Bucklin Moon described as "an almost solid wall of blue tonality". Her success brought about international interest in gospel music, initiating the "Golden Age of Gospel" making it possible for many soloists and vocal groups to tour and record. Aretha would later go . "[121] Commenting on her personal intimacy, Neil Goodwin of The Daily Express wrote after attending her 1961 concert at the Royal Albert Hall, "Mahalia Jackson sang to ME last night." This movement caused white flight with whites moving to suburbs, leaving established white churches and synagogues with dwindling members. This woman was just great. I mean, she wasn't obsequious, you know; she was a star among other stars. Since the cancellation of her tour to Europe in 1952, Jackson experienced occasional bouts of fatigue and shortness of breath. [12][f] But as her audiences grew each Sunday, she began to get hired as a soloist to sing at funerals and political rallies for Louis B. Anderson and William L. Dawson. She was previously married to Minters Sigmund Galloway and Isaac Lanes Grey Hockenhull. Singers, male and female, visited while Jackson cooked for large groups of friends and customers on a two-burner stove in the rear of the salon. [74], Her doctors cleared her to work and Jackson began recording and performing again, pushing her limitations by giving two- and three-hour concerts. The day after, Mayor Richard Daley and other politicians and celebrities gave their eulogies at the Arie Crown Theater with 6,000 in attendance. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Mahalia Jackson (1911 - 1972) was the preeminent gospel singer of the 20th century, her career spanning from about 1931 to 1971. When Galloway's infidelities were proven in testimony, the judge declined to award him any of Jackson's assets or properties. As she prepared to embark on her first tour of Europe, she began having difficulty breathing during and after performances and had severe abdominal cramping. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Price, Richard, "Mahalia Jackson Dies: Jackson: Praise for Her God". Between 1910 and 1970, hundreds of thousands of rural Southern blacks moved to Chicago, transforming a neighborhood in the South Side into Bronzeville, a black city within a city which was mostly self sufficient, prosperous, and teeming in the 1920s. [87] Gospel historian Horace Boyer attributes Jackson's "aggressive style and rhythmic ascension" to the Pentecostal congregation she heard as a child, saying Jackson was "never a Baptist singer". Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). She was marketed similarly to jazz musicians, but her music at Columbia ultimately defied categorization. She organized a 1969 concert called A Salute to Black Women, the proceeds of which were given to her foundation providing college scholarships to black youth. On tour, she counted heads and tickets to ensure she was being paid fairly. A native of New Orleans, she grew up poor, but began singing at the age of 4 at the Mount Moriah Baptist Church. [69] She appeared in the film The Best Man (1964), and attended a ceremony acknowledging Lyndon Johnson's inauguration at the White House, becoming friends with Lady Bird.
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